Everything about Human Rights Party United States totally explained
» This article is about the Michigan party. For other groups with similar names, see Human Rights Party (disambiguation).
The
Human Rights Party (HRP) was a
left-wing political party that existed in
Michigan during the early and mid-1970s. The party achieved electoral success in
Ann Arbor and
Ypsilanti. It eventually expanded to include several other Michigan cities with large student populations. In 1975, the HRP became the
Socialist Human Rights Party, and it later merged with the
Socialist Party of Michigan.
Origins of the HRP
The organization was established in 1970 under the leadership of
Zolton Ferency, and it quickly gained strength following the 1971 ratification of the
Twenty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution, which gave 18-year-olds the right to vote. In October 1971, the
Radical Independent Party (RIP), which had been formed by members of the
Students for a Democratic Society, New University Conference, and
White Panther Party, merged with the HRP. The Human Rights Party’s platform included calls for the immediate withdrawal of all U.S. military forces from foreign soil, the end of the
ROTC and
Selective Service, repeal of laws against
homosexuality and
prostitution, the closure of all state
prisons, and provision of
day care and
health care based on ability to pay.
Working to gain electoral votes among the city's large population of students at the
University of Michigan, the HRP succeeded in electing two candidates to the Ann Arbor city council in 1972, and successfully defended one of the seats in 1974. Building support through rock concerts, local radio spots, and coverage in the underground press, the HRP won 25 percent of the 30,000 ballots cast in the 1972 Ann Arbor municipal election. The party's victors in the city-council races –
Jerry de Grieck, a history student at the
University of Michigan, and Nancy Wechsler, a
U-M graduate, both 22 years of age – defeated two professors who had held the seats as liberal
Democrats. As de Grieck later noted, the party garnered substantial support not only from students, but also from low-income voters and factory workers. In two other Ann Arbor
wards, reported the
New York Times, "the Human Rights Party drew off enough votes from the Democratic candidates to help conservative
Republicans win." In the next-door city of Ypsilanti, the HRP elected two city council members in 1974, both of whom were re-elected in 1976.
During the 1972 election, the HRP chose a fifteen-year-old
Sonia Yaco, an activist affiliated with
Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor, as its Ann Arbor
school-board candidate. Yaco's demands for a student voice in school governance earned her 1,300 votes as a
write-in candidate, or eight percent of the total, and indirectly influenced the establishment of the experimental
alternative Community High School later that year.
The HRP in government
Ann Arbor City Council
From 1972 to 1974, the two Human Rights representatives held the balance of power on the Ann Arbor city council, which also had five Republicans and four Democrats. During their time on city council, HRP members successfully pushed for a number of progressive ordinances, including the city's famously lenient "five-dollar pot law," which had the effect of decriminalizing the possession of small amounts of
marijuana for personal use (see
Marijuana laws in Ann Arbor, Michigan). In addition, the HRP led a push for a city-wide
anti-discrimination ordinance, which banned discrimination based on race, national origin, sex, age, and religion. The ordinance was the first of its kind in
Michigan. In 1972, the pioneering ordinance was amended to add
sexual orientation, and to require
affirmative-action measures by city contractors.
On
zoning issues, the party worked to restrict the construction of
fast-food chains in the city's
downtown area. Alongside its electoral work, the HRP put on a number of protests, supported area workers' strikes, organized city tenants, and aided the
anti-war movement. As Nancy Wechsler told the
Wall Street Journal, the HRP also fought successfully to set aside federal revenue-sharing dollars for health and child care at a time when "most cities are spending revenue-sharing money for more police cars."
One of the 1972 HRP winners,
Nancy Wechsler,
came out as a
lesbian during her term on city council, thus becoming the first openly lesbian public-office holder in the
United States. When Wechsler declined to run for reelection in 1974, her seat was won by HRP candidate
Kathy Kozachenko, who became the country's first openly
gay or lesbian candidate to win public office.
Ypsilanti City Council
In 1974 the HRP activists in Ypsilanti helped to pass the
Ypsilanti Marijuana Initiative, a $5 fine for marijuana use or possession. In the same election, the HRP elected council members
Eric Jackson and
Harold Baize to their first term of office. Jackson and Baize championed anti-discrimination, fair rental practices, women's rights, and environmental issues. When Ypsilanti police ignored the voter's mandate by enforcing State marijuana laws rather than the Ypsilanti Marijuana Initiative, Jackson and Baize called for an emergency meeting of the city council to deal with the issue. Although most of the other members of the city council boycotted the meeting, hundreds of citizens did not, resulting in a near riot.
Human Rights Party city council members Eric Jackson and Harold Baize were re-elected in 1976 and continued their struggles for progressive policies. Following the loss of ballot status for the Michigan HRP, Harold Baize was elected to a third term as a Democrat in 1978. The Ypsilanti HRP changed its name to the Democratic Socialist Caucus and elected other members to the city council as well as electing Peter Murdock as
mayor. At one point, the DSC controlled nine of the eleven city council seats as well as the mayor's position. It ceased to exist in 1986.
The HRP and instant-runoff voting in Ann Arbor
With the introduction of a strong
third party in Ann Arbor, concerns grew among Democrats and HRP supporters that the city's progressive vote would be split, thus allowing Republicans to win offices on
pluralities. This scenario came to pass soon after the emergence of the HRP. In 1973 Republican
James E. Stephenson won the mayoral office with a plurality, defeating Democratic candidate
Franz J. Mogdis and HRP candidate
Benita Kaimowitz despite garnering only 47% of the vote. To head off a repeat of this result, the HRP spearheaded a
petition campaign to place the
Instant-runoff voting (IRV) system on the city ballot in spring of 1974. Most Democratic and HRP voters supported the proposal, which passed with 52% approval.
In April 1975, during the first (and only) Ann Arbor mayoral race using IRV, the Republican incumbent
James E. Stephenson received 49% of the first-choice ballots, leading his Democratic challenger
Al Wheeler, who received 40%, and the HRP candidate
Carol Ernst with 11%. However, since most HRP voters had ranked Wheeler as their second choice, these votes moved to the Democrat's column, and Wheeler won the election by a slim 121 votes, becoming the city's first
African American mayor. The election represented the first use of IRV in a U.S. mayoral contest.
The
IRV system survived a court challenge by Republicans, but
Ann Arbor voters repealed the system in an April 1976 special election. The IRV system wasn't again used in a
United States election until
San Francisco began using a similar system in 2004.
End of the HRP
With the nation-wide decline in
student activism, the Human Rights Party's power waned in the mid-1970s. In 1973, Ann Arbor's Democratic/HRP governing coalition lost power, as Republican
James E. Stephenson won the mayoralty and Republicans also took control of seven of the ten council seats. After assuming the city-council majority, Republicans redrew Ann Arbor voting wards so as to dilute the student concentration in the second ward, thereby splitting the strongest base of HRP support and making it difficult for an HRP candidate to attain a majority in any given ward.
The Ann Arbor chapter lost its last remaining city-council seat in 1976. In 1975, the HRP became the
Socialist Human Rights Party, and it later merged with the
Socialist Party of Michigan. Some members joined the Democratic Party. However, several of its landmark initiatives, notably the Ann Arbor anti-discrimination ordinance and the lenient municipal marijuana penalties, survive in modified form to this day.
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